Schindler's List Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Schindler's List - Movie Review Example Schindler, a business man in the film, becomes depicted as a person who is profit oriented and self-centered in character (Thomas 3). The film majorly centers on the life of this character as he does around with his life. Apart from Schindler, the film also had Itzhak Stern, an accountant for Schindler. Itzhak in the story becomes depicted as a worker and a lover of his own people. The essay therefore, will analyze the relationship between the two characters in detail and assess some of the way the film managed to use communication concepts (Thomas 4). At the start of the film, Schindler manages to meet and talk with his accountant, Stern concerning his motif to buy the Jewish enamelware factory. Schindler in the film becomes depicted as self-centered and had profit making character. Since Stern had the brains and the zeal to run some of the businesses Schindler had, Schindler trusted Stern. The factory had earlier on been closed by the Nazi’s, but Schindler saw a way of makin g money through it (Zaillian & Keneally 33). Without thinking about the repercussions of buying the company, Schindler insisted he wanted to buy it. Stern did not approve of Schindler’s intentions as he acted as if he did not respect the Jewish community. Schindler in the early scenes could be viewed as a traitor of his own people. ... In terms of non-verbal communication, in the film, Stern shows some gestures of not approving and disliking Schindler’s opinion of wanting to buy the factory, simply by not accepting to have a drink with him. In addition, Stern got some facial expressions suggestive of disliking the idea (Loshitzky 23). Stern in the film becomes depicted as a clever person that does most of the brain thinking for Schindler. Stern ensures that the enamel factory which Schindler wanted become bought, though used bribery. Deeper in the film, Stern saves the lives of his fellow Jews through coming up with ideas that helped in closure of the Plaszow labor camp (Loshitzky 76). In addition, it is Stern that runs the factory that ended up helping thousands of Jews by employing them and not making them ‘non-essential.’ Stern cared a lot for his people right from the very start of the film and did whatsoever possible to ensure they were safe. Stern becomes depicted as the total opposite of Schindler, though the two remain related. In the beginning of the film, the relationship between Stern and Schindler was more of the business type. Schindler in the film depicts characteristics opposite from Stern. As Stern cared for his Jew people from the very first, Schindler had been insensitive to the problems the Jewish people underwent. The film hence brings Stern to represent the elements Schindler lacked (Loshitzky 26). As the film progresses, Schindler starts experiencing a gradual change in character and heart concerning his Jewish people. In one of the scenes, Schindler witnesses the evacuation of the Krakow ghetto by the Nazi people (Keneally 65). He majorly got touched after seeing the girl with the red coat tortured by the Nazi’s.

Cargo Aircraft Fire Supression Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cargo Aircraft Fire Supression - Term Paper Example The sensors can wrongly detect dust and other aerosols as smoke particles. Since the aircraft crew has no way to visually verify the presence of a fire, any alarm has to be treated as a real fire. If the aircraft is in flight, the pilots need to discharge on-board extinguishing equipment, declare emergency priority over other traffic, and land the aircraft at the nearest airport. If a false alarm goes off before takeoff, the aircraft must return to the gate and takeoff is delayed until mechanics can solve the problem. These procedures followed to handle the false 'fire alarm' result in considerable loss of time and fuel. Hence current research in this field is geared towards developing systems which are false-alarm-free. Contemporary research activities also explore the use of multiple sensors and computer aided signal analysis and video camera aided fire and smoke indication. Along these lines, the NASA Glenn Research Center has developed a multi-sensor package to read in a wider variety of fire emissions instead of just smoke. The detector looks for higher concentration of combustion gases along with the smoke, thus developing a more diverse file picture for the sensors. These file pictures with varying gas concentrations and smoke particle sizes are then compared by the multi-sensor package against the values that are characteristic of an actual fire. NASA Glenn also uses MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) chemical sensors with this new fire detection concept in response to the significant number of false alarms generated by the current fire detectors used on aircraft. The MEMS sensor system consists of miniaturized carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide sensors, a smoke particle detector, and integrated software. It also has a processor that measures the response of the complete sensor system and signals if there was an actual fire. The resultant syste m is effective in recognizing the presence of fires while screening out false alarms. Tests conducted by NASA indicate the feasibility of the multi-sensor system. Improvements can still be made to the sensors, the packaging and the software interface, the durability and drill effects of the sensors. The system also needs to be compliant with the FAA certification criteria. (i) The B737-200 Freighter uses the Securaplane ST 3000 Fire Detection System which detects fire that originates in the lower cargo compartments of the aircraft. Radio communication links are used instead of wiring between the different limits of the system; this minimizes the quantity of wiring required, decreases the system weight and increases reliability. The system has nine smoke detectors (four in the forward cargo and five in the aft cargo compartments) mounted in the ceiling of each lower cargo compartment, one central control unit (CCU) located in the aft wall of the forward cargo compartment with a configuration module (CM), one control display unit (CDU) on P-5 overhead panel, two circuit breakers at P-18 panel and associated wiring. The System satisfies the FAA required Class "D" to Class "E" cargo conversion. The System can detect smoke anywhere within any cargo compartment within one minute at at-least two SDU locations. (ii) Fire extinguishing systems: The US Patent

Improving Kings Medical Center

Improving Kings Medical Center Kings Medical Center provides various health services within the City and its locality. They have sites in three location (Staten Island, Queens, and Manhattan) spread across the City and have enlisted our service to develop their Information System. Their requirement included elements covering a Web site, Networking, Management Information System (MIS) and a Database. They have reviewed their organization structure and their strategic plan has revealed the need to reconstruct their functions, services and human resources application We are a dedicated medical institution, aiming to provide the highest quality care for our patients and maintain a relaxed, friendly and comfortable work environment for our staff and other users. We guarantee the well-fare and safety of our patients as our priority and ensure confidentiality of all nature. The commitment of our staff, physicians, volunteers and community partners to our mission, allows us to maintain a quality standard of caring, promoting wellness, relieve suffering and restore health as humanely as can be done. In consistence with the best service available we will ensure the highest value to all our users. We endeavor to treat all our patience and client fairly, efficiently and with the care and respect required to satisfy their needs and accordingly. Vision The vision of king medical center is to provide place for extraordinary achievements and Significant infrastructure growth. The vision of the king medical center is to provide large facilities of medical therapy. Organizational Chart The organizational chart of the medical center describes the overall organizational structure .This describe the administrative structure from top to the bottom like director to the peon. The director is the top of the organizational structure and there is multiple divisions like energy and plan divisions. Current Situation and Problem/ Opportunity Statement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Improving the appointment system and reducing walk-ins to a minimum à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Assigning doctors to patient à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Creating and implementing a web site à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Eliminate redundancy within the filing system and implement software and applications to regulate normalcy and consistency Critical Assumption and Constraints .There must be specified proposal which include identifying the earliest possible state including critical assumptions and revenue drivers, operating cost, social and environmental factors. .There is regularity, legislative and relevant acts which may impinge the proposal need. Which may identify including information? .There is information which can describe sensitivity of assumption need which is to be provided. Analysis of Options and Recommendation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Keeping machines on standby when not in use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ensure all medical closet are secured à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Accessories should be stored in designated area and appropriately to eliminate risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Provide security at each site à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sign posting at each location PROJECT INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT Preliminary Project Requirement There must be more attractive environment and higher perceived quality. There should no time gap for significant relationship between the perceived wait times. There should be project and its impact on existing infrastructure. Budget Estimate and Financial Analysis The project was allocated a budget of $800,000. The labor cost percent includes a forty hours per week at a rate of $100 per hour for the project manager, other team members between $80 $90 per hour (according to experience and qualification) and consultants at a rate of $150 per hour. Other consideration of the project will cover the outsourcing of software and other services costs. The discount rate for this project is 8%, reflecting the estimate after the discounted costs and benefits have been implemented. Schedule Estimate We estimate one year to complete the project and will be providing additional maintenance and technical support throughout an agreed period. We will be managing and monitoring the operation of applications and recommendations across the organization. Potential Risks There are several potential risks on project evaluation like cost assessment risk and time bound project have the overrun risks. The potential risks are the risk that can occur simultaneously which can identified during running phase. This type of risk can affect the running schedule of the project and also affect the cost of the project. Weighted Decision Matrix Initiating Assign a project manager Develop a business case Identify key stakeholders Prepare project charter Hold project kick-off meeting Planning Hold team planning meeting Prepare team contract Prepare scope statement Prepare WBS 2.4.1 Create Milestones Prepare schedule and cost baseline Determine task resources Determine task durations Determine task dependencies Create Gantt chart Identify, discuss and prioritize risks Develop project plans Review project plans Approve project plans Executing Analysis Task Collect data on organization Collect information on project User inputs Internet site contents Templates and tools Articles Links User requests feature Web site design Web site construction Web site testing Web site promotion Web site roll-out Project benefits measurement Design Task 3.2.1 Collect detailed requirement for all programs 3.2.2 Design network program 3.2.3 Design database 3.2.4 Design MIS 3.2.5 Design Web site 3.10 Implementation Task 3.10.1 Network 3.10.2 Database 3.10.3 MIS 3.10.4 Website 3.11 Training 3.11.1 Employees training 3.11.2 Technical Support 3.11.3 Access Security Specification 3.4 Testing 3.4.1 Test programs 3.5 Roll Out and Support 3.5.1 Support User 3.5.2 Roll out New programs 3.5.3 Technical Support Monitoring and Controlling Project reports 4.2.1 Change request report 4.2.2 Organizational process assets updates 4.2.3 Project document updates 4.2.4 Project management plan updates 4.2.5 Status Reports 3.2.6 Control changes Closing Final project report Final presentation Sign-off on project Lesson learnt reports Financial Analysis for Kings Medical Center Project The financial Analysis for the king medical center is depend on recourse and the financial fund and time validation ,human effort etc. The financial analysis is depend on operational cost and the project risk assessment ,project structure and managerial elements of project. The risk type and identification affect the project cost and running time and risk exposure is time taking process so financial schedule affected by risk. The financial analysis depends on the risk assessments. Project Charter Project Title: Kings Medical Center Project Project Start Date: April 28, 2010 Projected Finish Date: April 28, 2011 Budget Information: A budget of $800,000 has been allocated to fund the project over a one year period. This cost will be used up to fund the All in One (AIO) Tech development team, consulting personnel, hardware and software purchase, and utility fees. An initial estimate requires a total of 40 hours per week labor cost, considering that the team works a standard eight hour day shift. Project Manager: Foxy Brown, 646-238-1224, [emailprotected] Project Objectives: The goal is to provide a complete IT Infrastructure overhaul to Monroe Medical Center. In doing so, employees will be able to retrieve and update patients file and information accordingly, assign a doctor to groups of patients, produce departmental reports, and share information across all locations within a reasonable time frame. An online appointment system will also be created to minimize patient waiting time and improve the system for walk-in patients. Main Project Success Criteria: The project is scheduled to be completed within one year at the provisional cost of $800,000. The end product of this project is guaranteed to support the overall functionality of Kings Medical Center operations. This will assist them to negotiate lower premiums and track improvements in patients waiting time among other requirements they have stipulated. It will also provide solid evidence for other benefits, such as improving morale and productivity. Additionally, the project should be able to pay for itself within two years of completion. It must also have a positive net present value (NPV) and a 50% or greater return on investment, in order to be considered a successful project. Additionally, the project payback must not be beyond 2 years. Approach:  · Select a project manager and project team  · Identify project requirements and list milestones to meet accordingly  · Incorporate best practices methodologies  · Incorporate excellent testing procedures  · Use corporate standards in all application development  · Using a prototyping approach to development  · Provide training and develop support procedures  · creating a highly specific and detailed documentation Integrated Change Control The integrated change control is the process which can be implemented during the all changes which involves in running state in project. It is quite often implement over the course of a project life cycle. PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT Requirements Document The requirement document for project scope document is resource, financial status, time schedule, and operational cost structure, estimation time for each module. The requirement document must have the work breakdown structure and time estimation graph. It can also describe the overall structure with financial status. Requirements Management Plan The requirement management plan utilize the proper resource for running status of any hospital effectively and efficiently. It can also describe the requirement of different modules and resource management. Requirements Matrix for Kings Medical Center Project The requirement matrix for king medical center project depends on several phase and resource allocation graph .The requirement matrix is depend on supply and demand of resource and operational cost. The requirement matrix is sparse matrix for resource allocation to different module and reduces the overall operational cost. Scope Statement (Version 1) PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT Work Breakdown Structure for Kings Medical Center Project The work breakdown structure is known as hierarchical discrete structure which divides the work task in different small module. Thus work breakdown structure for the kings medical college project can be subdivided task like operational cost which having subtask the doctors fee and medicine cost, bed charge, equipments cost etc. WBS Dictionary The WBS dictionary must include the overall subdivided task and which type of structure tree or list .The WBS dictionary describes the how the work breakdown structure correlate to each other which is the master task and which one is slave task. Milestone Report Kings Medical Center Project The milestone report of kings medical center project is describe the achievement of the center which is the best of the previous report .The milestone report is known as master copy every other report must be compare from this milestone report ,this can give estimation cost and resource handling idea in brief. Gantt chart The Gantt chart is known as the chart which can specify the project completion time and resource allocation to different module. The Gantt chart describe the different small module start and end time this also describe analysis time and result this contains the day by day data and store it and compare by historical data. Network Diagram The network diagram describe the day by day activity and recourse allocation by network diagram by network diagram we describe the minimum activity path to reduce the cost effort there is critical path method and project evaluation review technique use for estimation. Work Schedule The work schedule describe the overall running schedule for different task and it can specify the resource allocation to each activity the work schedule is to use reduce cost time effort . Activity Assignments The activity assignment is known as assign resource to different task and activity. The activity assignment insures that the correct task is handling by the specified specialist person. Time Management Contingency Strategies The time management contingency strategies is to use the reduce time effort and make project effective and beneficial. These Strategies is to use assumption of minimum time effort in which sequence we can gain minimum time effort. PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT Project cost estimate The project cost estimation is done by Gantt chat or by the histogram or by the CPM PERT. The project cost estimation is done with respect to the earned value and actual cost or planning cost. There is graph analysis between the earned value and the actual cost. Project cost baseline The project baseline cost is theoretical or real construct it capture and approved budget structure distributed overtime. The baseline may incorporate during changes in the project running schedule. Earned value The earned value describes the how much part of cost and time is spent till the analysis time. The earned value analysis is useful for estimation how much time and cost in feature needed to complete the project in under budget and specified time. PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT Quality Standards/ Requirements The quality standard is measured by quality assurance like ISO 9000.The quality assurance is achieved by The effectiveness and efficiency .Quality standard /requirement is gain by the ISO certificate for the health care the IWA 4:2009 certificate issued, for medical devices ISO 13485:2003 certificate needed. The Seven Basic Tools of Quality The seven basic tools for quality control is Pareto chart which shows the bar graph and insures which factors are more significant. The Histogram which represent the bar diagram and histogram representation of each activity. Scattered data which represents the graph pair of numerical datas. Control chart and check sheet for analyzing the data. Cause and affect diagram and stratification which control the study of individual data. PROJECT NETWORK MANAGEMENT This is the tool for the understand to project management cycle there is the graphical representation of the project life cycle various activity in the project form a network diagram which specify the project duration for each separate activity. PROJECT DATABASE MANAGEMENT The project database management stores the every information during project execution state and keeps each activity record day by day. Thus the project database management system stores information of resources and the durations to complete a task. PROJECT WEBSITE MANAGEMENT Project website management is done according to database and information which is retrieval day by day activity the database updating can also be done by the website .Thus the project website management must insure to display current database. Appendix The UNICEF child protection program The king George medical College, Department of cancer therapy India. The all India medical Association, New Delhi India Policies There is research center establishment for H.I.V To provide best facility perform cancer chemical therapy. Glossary Glossary of Genetic Terms, Genetics Education Center, Univ. Kansas Medical Center Biotechnology Glossary, SDPatel and S Maulik, GeneEd, Celera (not available Sept 2002) Genome Glossary, Department of Energy (DOE) Dictionary of Genetics, Science and Technology, graphics, searchable, Academic Press (not available Sept 2002)

The Ghost of Christmas Present :: Essays Papers

The Ghost of Christmas Present Christmas has consumed itself. At its conception, it was a fine idea, and I imagine that at one point its execution worked very much as it was intended to. These days, however, its meaning has been perverted; its true purpose ignored and replaced with a purpose imagined by those who merely go through the motions, without actually knowing why they do so. Christmas was originally supposed to be a celebration of the birthday of Jesus Christ. Modern historians suggest that Christ was actually born sometime in April, but that is hardly the point; the point is that a day on which to celebrate his birth and life was needed, and so one was chosen. During the season surrounding this holiday -- especially since it coincided with that of other, similar holidays -- it was thought right to honor Jesus by acting as he did, i.e., in a kind, generous, and forgiving manner. Out of this sprung the custom of giving gifts to loved ones on this holiday. However, as may be expected from our modern society, the custom of giving gifts quickly turned into the practice of exchanging them. If one gives gifts to loved ones at Christmas, the reasoning goes, then those who do not receive gifts from a person are obviously not loved by him/her. So each individual now is required to give a gift to all of his/her friends, or risk communicating to them that s/he no longer loves them -- or perhaps never did! Also, there arises another problem when someone gets a gift from a person to whom they did not give one. The logic here is that the one who gave the gift obviously has a greater love for or places a greater value on the friendship than the one who did not. A decidedly awkward situation arises from this, one can imagine. Gift-giving nowadays is no longer an act of kindness, but rather a political measure, taken to ensure one’s status with one’s acquaintances. While the general feeling of "goodwill towards men" still pervades the season, albeit filtered through television and municipal decorating projects, there is a great tension that precedes the actual Christmas holiday itself. I remember Christmases of my youth as enjoyable times, to be sure, but also as times when it was best to stay clear of my mother, who was inevitably in

Critical Thinking and Problem solving Essay

Numerous decisions are taken every day. People choose when to get up on a certain morning, what clothing to wear, and whether to read a particular book. Most of the decisions made throughout the day are relatively trivial or inconsequential. It probably does not matter too much if it is decided to sleep an extra 15 minutes on a certain morning or if a blue shirt is selected rather than a green one. However, some of the decisions can carry substantial consequences. Choosing to get an undergraduate or graduate degree, deciding on a new job or career, or selecting one vendor out of many candidates to be the long-term supplier of a company of a necessary resource are important decisions that are likely to have a significant and meaningful impact. Learning, understanding, and applying critical thinking and problem-solving skills can improve the quality of the decisions that mean the most to us. The research paper also explores some fields where critical thinking proves a pathfinder in finding the correct solution to a problem. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Introduction Critical thinking and problem solving have been identified as essential skills for college students. Problem solving is defined as a step-by step process of defining the problem, searching for information. The goal of problem solving is to find and implement a solution, usually to a well defined and well- structured problem. Critical thinking is a broader term describing reasoning in an open-ended manner, with an unlimited number of solutions. The critical thinking process involves constructing the situation and supporting the reasoning behind a solution. Traditionally, critical thinking and problem solving have been associated with different fields: critical thinking is rooted in the behavioral science, whereas problem solving is associated with the math and science disciplines. Although a distinction is made between the two concepts, in real life situations the terms critical thinking and problem solving are often used interchangeably. In addition, assessment tests frequently overlap or measure both skills. Problem solving is defined as understanding the problem, being able to obtain background knowledge, generating possible solutions, identifying and evaluating the process, and exhibiting problem-solving dispositions. It is easy to fall into routine ways of thinking instead of being creative. The accompanying display lists some common barriers to creative thinking. A major block to creativity is groupthink (going along with the majority opinion while personally having another viewpoint). Nurses or the employees of the company, who engage in groupthink generally, wish to avoid interpersonal conflict. It takes intellectual courage to think something new and different from one’s peers, and then act on those thoughts. Independent thinking is a hallmark of persons who think critically and creatively. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Critical thinking includes problem solving and decision making processes. People use problem solving in their daily lives. With the problem-solving method, problems are identified, information is gathered, a specific problem is named, a plan for solving the problem is developed, the plan is put into action, and results of the plan are evaluated. However, this kind of problem solving is frequently based on incomplete data, and plans are sometimes based on incomplete data, and plans are sometimes based on guesses. Conversely, the nurse uses the nursing process to identify and to make decisions about client needs. It is a systematic and scientifically based process that requires the use of many cognitive and psychomotor skills. According to Costello-Nikitas, the following actions interfere with effective problem solving: †¢ Jumping too quickly toward a conclusion before exploring all the aspects of the problem †¢ Failing to obtain critical facts, about either the problem or proposed change †¢ Selecting problems or changes that are too general, too complex, or poorly defined †¢ Failing to articulate a rational solution to the problem or proposed change †¢ Failing to implement and evaluate the proposal appropriately Definition, Explanation and Importance of Problem Solving E. Paul Torrance’s definition of creativity fully describes problem solving and suggests the skill needed to reach this higher level goal: The process of sensing problems or gaps in information, Forming ideas or hypotheses, testing and modifying These hypotheses and communicating the results (Torrance 1994). A problem is â€Å"a question or situation that presents doubt, perplexity, or difficulty or a question offered for consideration, discussion or solutions† (Webster 1995). Problems are ever present in the life, preschoolers learn to say† I have a problem and apply the phrase to everything from a broken crayon to muddy shoes. Adults spend a great deal of time worrying about their own problems, which range from how to get three kids to various ball practices on the same afternoon to devastating financial or health problems. The ability to solve problems is highly important and should be a significant part of educational training. Higher-level Thinking Skills Schools curriculums often include the development of higher-level thinking skills, processes that require more mental effort than simple memory and recall. For example, many social studies guides denote decision making and problem solving (higher-level thinking skills) as key skills (Riecken and Miller 1990), which students use to solve problems. Higher-level thinking skills are sometimes known as higher-order thinking skills or productive thinking skills. Treffinger and Nassab (1996) discuss productive thinking and define it as including â€Å"creative thinking, critical thinking, problem solving, and decision-making†¦. † They further discuss the fact that productive thinking â€Å"builds on a rich knowledge base, motivation, personal characteristics and styles, and meta-cognitive skills. † Critical Thinking Swartz and Perkins (1990) discuss critical thinking as the â€Å"the critical examination and evaluation—actual and potential—of benefits and courses of action. Numerous lists of critical thinking skills exist; however, close analysis of them often reveals similarities in semantics. One list of critical thinking skills (Maker and Nielson 19996) follows: †¢ Determining fact and opinion †¢ Choosing relevant from irrelevant information †¢ Determining the accuracy of a statement †¢ Determining the credibility of a source †¢ Recognizing ambiguities †¢ Identifying underlying assumptions †¢ Determining external and internal bias †¢ Recognizing valid and fallacious arguments Critical thinking in Nursing Profession Nurses use critical thinking skills in each step of the nursing process. â€Å"Everything nurses do require high level thinking; no action is performed without critical thinking† (Rubenfeld & Scheffer, 1999) â€Å"Because the conclusions and decisions, nurses make affect people’s lives, our thinking must be guided by sound reasoning—precise, disciplined thinking that promotes accuracy and depth of data collection, and seeks to clearly identify the issues at hand. The role of the nurse has shifted from one of â€Å"hand maiden† to one of an autonomous partner in health care delivery. The impact of technological expansion and the increased acuity level of patients, combined with consumer demand for accountability and responsibility, have fueled this change. Currently, novice nurses must possess cognitive skills that require critical thinking. The nurse uses critical thinking to solve problems, make decisions, and establish priorities in the clinical setting. The framework for solving patient problems is called the nursing process. Critical thinking is an essential skill in the administration of safe, component nursing care. Critical thinking may be defined as â€Å"the process of purposeful, self regulatory judgment. The process gives reasoned consideration to evidence, contexts, conceptualizations, methods, and criteria† (American Philosophical Association, 1990) Ennis describes critical thinking as â€Å"reasonable, reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do† (Nosich, 2001). Critical thinking is a goal directed; it is thinking with a purpose. Critical thinking also involves questioning. These questions include: Why? Who? What if? When? Where? Data are collected and organized within the critical thinking process. Pertinent data are separated from irrelevant data. Related data are clustered together to encourage the recognition of patterns. These clusters of data are then analyzed, and successful solutions to problems are identified. Knowledge Critical thinking calls for a knowledge base that includes declaration knowledge, (specific facts or information) and operative knowledge (an understanding of the nature of that knowledge). Nursing curricula assist the student in learning specific facts about nursing and the delivery of quality care. Students are also taught how to examine the belief underlying the facts in order to analyze and interpret those facts. In other words, students are not expected to merely repeat facts that have been memorized but instead to understand the reasoning behind the knowledge. Finding meaning in what one is learning is the core of critical thinking. In order to think critically, to solve problems, and so make decisions, nurses must develop a broad base of knowledge. This knowledge base includes information from other disciplines such as science (anatomy, physiology, and biology), psychology and philosophy (logic) Nurses apply this knowledge to specific client situation through critical thinking. Critical thinking and Problem solving in Business Gone are the days when management expected workers to check their brains at the door. As a knowledge worker, one is expected to use one’s brains in thinking critically. One will be solving problems and making decisions. Faced with a problem or an issue, most of us do a lot of worrying before separating the issues or making a decision. All that worrying can become directed by channeling it into the following procedure: 1) Identify and clarify the problem Your first task is to recognize that a problem exists. Some problems are big and unmistakable, such as failure of an air-freight delivery service to get package to customers on time. Other problems may be continuing annoyances, such as regularly running out of toner for an office copy machine. The first step in reaching a solution is pinpointing the problem area. 2) Gather Information Learn more about the problem situation. Look for possible causes and solutions. This step may mean checking files, calling suppliers, or brainstorming with fellow workers. For example, the air-freight delivery service would investigate the tracking systems of the commercial airlines carrying its packages to determine what went wrong. 3) Evaluate the evidence Where did the information come from? Does it represent various points of view? What biases could be expected from each source? How accurate is the information gathered? Is it fact or opinion? For example, it is a fact that packages are missing; it is an opinion they are merely lost and will sum up eventually. 4) Consider alternatives and implications Draw conclusions from the gathered evidence and pose solutions. Then weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative. What are the costs, benefits, and consequences? What are the obstacles, and how can they be handled? Most important, what solution best serves your goals and those of your organization? This is where your creativity is especially important. 5) Implement the best alternative Select an alternative and put it into action. Then, follow through on your decision by monitoring the results of implementing your plan. The freight company decided to give its unhappy customers free delivery service to make up for the lost packages and downtime. Be sure to continue monitoring and adjusting the solution to ensure its effectiveness over time. Developing critical thinking and problem solving skills in the child Reasoning, critical thinking or general intellectual functioning is one of the strongest predictors of academic success and resilience. Teaching children problem solving – how to figure things out—is key to success learning, and problem solving is characterized by the ability to generate possible strategies, analyze those strategies,, and anticipate their possible consequences. Skills that a child learns to master under the heading of problem solving include planning, flexibility, resourcefulness, and critical thinking. Planning entails looking ahead, anticipating possible outcomes, and making healthy choices. Flexibility entails shifting plans when one’s original strategy does not work out. Resourcefulness involves seeking help when needed, using resources intelligently, and developing â€Å"street smart. † Critical thinking refers to higher-order thinking skills that go beneath surface impressions and opinions to offer understanding and deeper meaning to an event or situation. Conclusion Many decisions don’t need much thought. Relatively small, routine, or mundane choices generally don’t require spending a lot of time or energy because the outcomes associated with these types of decisions probably don’t affect very much. Important decisions can shape lives, and decision quality is improved if person critically analyze the problems by considering new and different options, weighing the evidence objectively, looking at a problem from a different angle that gives different insights, developing novel solutions that effectively solve dilemmas, and accurately forecasting the probable impact of our decisions. Critical thinking is a process that emphasizes a rational basis for what one believes and provides standards and procedures for analyzing, testing, and evaluating beliefs. Critical thinking skills enable decision makers to define problems within the proper context, to examine evidence objectively, and to analyze the assumptions underlying the evidence and beliefs. Critical thinking enables to understand and deal with the positions of others and to clarify and comprehend one’s own thoughts as well. When critical thinking is applied, all aspects of the decision process are involved, from defining the problem, identifying and weighing decision criteria, and generating and evaluating alternatives to estimating the consequences that will result from our decisions. However, critical thinking does not mean that a person always make best possible decisions, never reach the wrong conclusion, and never make mistakes; it is simply a process person apply that enables, to arrive at superior; it is simply a process one apply that enables, to arrive at superior decisions consistently. Problem solving is a part of decision making. A systematic process that focuses on analyzing a difficult situation, problem solving always includes a decision-making step. Many educators use the terms problem solving and decision making synonymously, but there is a small yet important difference between the two. Although decision making is the last step in the problem-solving process, it is possible for decision making to occur without the full analysis required in problem solving. Because problem solving attempts to identify the root problem in situations, much tine and energy are spent on identifying the real problem. Decision making, on the other hand, is usually triggered by a problem but is often handled in a manner that does not eliminate the problem. Reference DeLaune, Carter, Sue. Ladner, Kelly, Patricia. (2002). Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards & Practice. US: Thomson Delmer Learning. Pg. 82, 89 Heywood, John. (2000). Assessment in Higher Education: Student Learning Teaching, Programmes and†¦ England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Pg 177 Meador, S, Karen. (1997). Creative Thinking and Problem Solving for Young Learners. Westport: Libraries Unlimited. Pg. 69, 70 Marquis, L, Bessie. Huston, Jorgenson, Carol. (2005). Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: theory and Application. Wolters Kulwer Health. The NPEC sourcebook on assessment. US: DIANE Publishing. Pg. 11 Williams, W, Steve. (2002). Making Better Business Decisions: Understanding and Improving Critical. North America: Saga Publications. Pg. 1-3

Anatomy and Physiology (M1 and D1) Essay

How Energy is used in the Body (M1) We get chemical energy from food we eat and oxygen that we breathe –we need this to get energy into a usable form to be used by the cells Glucose + Oxygen —————-> Carbon Dioxide + Water (C6H12O6) (O2) Metabolism (CO2) (H2O) (1C6H12O6) (6O2) In Cells (6CO2) (6H20) Metabolism is the process of getting chemical energy from larger molecules in food and breaking them down into smaller molecules by the use of enzymes (which are biological catalysts that are used to speed up a chemical reactions), the circulatory system then transports the nutrients to the cells. They’re two types of metabolism which are Catabolism (Aerobic Metabolism) and Anabolism (Anaerobic Metabolism). Catabolism (Aerobic Metabolism) occurs when there is plentiful supply of glucose and oxygen for the cells to use for cellular respiration (Aerobic Respiration happens eventually with the mitochondria in the cells producing A.T.P-Adenosine Triphosphate). Anabolism (Anaerobic Metabolism) will occurs after vigorous exercise when demand for glucose and oxygen cannot be met by the body, cells then breakdown proteins to produce energy. This occurs after the body has used up stored glucose called glycogen from the liver. The bi product of this reaction creates lactic acid this bui lds up in muscles and so forth gives you cramp How the Respiratory and Circulatory System Work Together to Control Metabolism (D1) The heart in the circulatory system pumps blood into the lungs where the blood is oxygenated. The blood is then returned to the heart and the newly oxygenated blood is circulated to the rest of the body. The respiratory system performs a process known as gas exchange that releases carbon dioxide from the body and brings in oxygen. This occurs in the respiratory and the circulatory system then transports the oxygen to tissues that used internal respiration to burn fuel in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for  energy, thus creating more carbon dioxide. The circulatory bring the oxygen the lungs take in around the body and bring the carbon dioxide back for the lungs to expel. The lungs bring oxygen into the blood which feeds the heart and the rest of the body. Homeostasis which is the maintenance of internal body condition. The circulatory system maintains homeostasis by transporting nutrients to every cell of the body, carrying away waste products and the pH of blood (blood pH should be 7.2 [Slightly Alkaline] to much CO2 blood becomes 6.8 [Slightly Acidic]). The respiratory system maintains homeostasis as it is responsible for bringing in oxygen ( which is then incorporated into the circulatory system and brought to cells in need) and bringing out carbon dioxide (cell waste) (which is brought from the circulatory system to the respiratory system to leave the body)